
While in law school, Professor Ahdieh served as a student director of the Allard K. Lowenstein Human Rights Clinic, helping to spearhead an ultimately successful Alien Tort Claims Act lawsuit against Radovan Karadzic, for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the 1992-1995 ethnic war in Bosnia & Herzegovina. For many years, he chaired the Board of Directors of the Tahirih Justice Center, a Washington, D.C. based non-profit serving the needs of immigrant and refugee women and girls. He has also worked on human rights issues in the Middle East and in Central and Eastern Europe. At Emory, he has been actively involved in efforts to re-establish - and secure the long-term future of - the Loan Repayment Assistance Program. He has also played a central role in promoting judicial clerkship opportunities for Emory students.

Professor Alexander's public interest work is primarily in the fields of affordable housing, community redevelopment, and state and local government law. Professor Alexander served as a Fellow of the Carter Center of Emory University (1993-1996) and Commissioner of the Georgia Housing Trust Fund for the Homeless (1994-1998). He works with nonprofit organizations in Atlanta serving the homeless and providing assistance to persons with chronic mental illness who are homeless. As Director of the Project on Community Development and Affordable Housing, Professor Alexander has represented residents in public housing projects, drafted state legislation on land bank authorities and abandoned tax delinquent properties, and undertaken studies for the Local Initiatives Support Corporation, the FNMA Foundation, and the Georgia Municipal Association.

Professor Bederman advises both domestic and international non-government organizations on a variety of international, environmental, and maritime law issues. Among these are The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, Professional Shipwreck Explorers Association (ProSEA), and The Procedural Aspects of International Law (PAIL) Institute. He has also consulted with a number of government agencies and international organizations on issues ranging from cultural heritage, investment protection, international claims, and exotic species.

Harold J. Berman is the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law at Emory University. He is also James Barr Ames Professor of Law, emeritus, at Harvard University, where he taught from 1948 to 1985 and again in 1986 and 1989. His current courses include World Law and Comparative Legal History (The Western Legal Tradition). Professor Berman is the author of 25 books and more than 300 articles. His prize-winning book, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (1983), has been published in German, French, Chinese, Russian, Polish, Spanish, Italian and Lithuanian translations. His other books include Justice in the U.S.S.R. (revised edition, 1963), Faith and Order: The Reconciliation of Law and Religion (1993) and Law and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition (2003). He is a Fellow of The Carter Center of Emory University, with special interests in U.S.-Russian relations. He served on the Executive Committee of the Russian Research Center of Harvard University from 1952 to 1984 and was a member of the Legal Committee of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade and Economic Council from 1974 to 1991. In 1961-62 Professor Berman spent a year in Moscow, U.S.S.R., as a guest scholar of the Institute of State and Law of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and a lecturer on American law at Moscow University. In the spring semester of 1982 he was again at Moscow State University as a Fulbright lecturer on American law. His book, The Nature and Functions of Law: An Introduction for Students of the Arts and Sciences (1958; 6th ed., 2004, with William R. Greiner and Samir N. Saliba), is widely used in college and business school courses. He is a co-founder and member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Law and Religion and has served on the Board of Directors of the Council on Religion and Law since its formation in 1975. In 1994 he was awarded the annual Journal of Law and Religion Award at Hamline University School of Law in St. Paul, Minnesota, in recognition of his lifetime contributions in the field of law and religion.
Professor Berman is the co-founder and co-director of The World Law Institute of Emory University, which brought together leaders from several countries as part of its inaugural conference on “World Law and World Health: Especially the Health of Women in Least Developed and Developing Countries”, on March 23-24, 2007, at Emory University School of Law. Among the featured speakers were former U.S. President Jimmy Carter (via videotape); former president of Ireland Mary Robinson (via videotape); former president of Hungary Ferenç Mádl; and Navanethem Pillay, Judge of the International Criminal Court. These speakers and more than 40 outstanding panelists addressed issues of world health, including the duel role of women in the family and in the workplace. Among areas of discussion were maternity and neonatal care, religious aspects of healthcare law and practice in diverse cultures, including measures needed to prevent domestic violence, sexual trafficking of girls and young women, and female genital mutilation.

Professor Buzbee joined Emory's faculty in 1993 after practicing law from 1986 to 1993. At Emory he teaches Environmental Law, Administrative Law, Legal Methods, Land Use and, on occasion, Property and is the Director of Emory Law School Environmental and Natural Resources Law Program. He also from time to time offers seminars on advanced environmental and regulatory topics such as Federalism and Devolution, Regulatory Reform, and Urban Environmental Law. Professor Buzbee has extensive public interest law experience. After clerking for a federal judge, he worked as an attorney-fellow for the Natural Resources Defense Council, a public interest environmental not- for-profit. While working at a private law firm in New York City, where his practice concentrated on environmental law and litigation, he worked on pro bono matters involving civil rights laws, environmental justice disputes, and humans rights violations. He also performed litigation and counseling work for several public authorities. While at Columbia Law School, Professor Buzbee worked for the New York State Attorney General Labor Division as well as for the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama, where he worked on several civil rights lawsuits. Since moving to Atlanta, Professor Buzbee has served on the board of the Georgia Center for Law in the Public Interest, an environmental law oriented not-for-profit, and occasionally served as a legal advisor to the Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper. He also co-founded Emory Law School's Turner Environmental Law Clinic and heads its advisory board. His scholarship focuses on public law topics ranging from environmental law policy, to public law litigation and citizen standing, to exploration of federalism and its intersection with land use policy. His most recent articles explore separation of powers and federalism disputes in statutory interpretation and constitutional law settings.

A former partner in the Atlanta law firm of Alston & Bird, Associate Dean Elliott is a past President of the State Bar of Georgia, a past member of the State Disciplinary Board, a member of the State Bar Board of Governors and of the Chief Justice's Commission on Professionalism. Dean Elliott was a co-founder of Georgia Indigent Legal Services and in 1991 he received the Arthur Von Briesen Award which is given annually by the National Legal Aid and Defender Association to one lawyer in private practice for substantial volunteer contributions to the legal assistance movement for the poor. In addition to his Bar and legal services activities, Dean Elliott has had a long time involvement with community organizations and institutions such as Woodruff Arts Center, Trinity Presbyterian Church, Leadership Atlanta, United Way and Emory University.

Martha Albertson Fineman is an internationally recognized law and society scholar and a leading authority on family law and feminist jurisprudence. Fineman is founder and director of the Feminism and Legal Theory Project, which was inaugurated in 1984 at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. The Project has since followed Fineman to Columbia and Cornell, where she also held faculty appointments, until settling in 2004 at Emory University, where Fineman has been named the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law. The Project sponsors several workshops and conferences each year dealing with issues related to feminism, gender and sexuality, and family law. The Project also hosts visiting scholars from around the world and maintains an archive of groundbreaking feminist legal scholarship collected over the past twenty years. For more information, visit http://www.law.emory.edu/flt/. In addition to directing the Feminism and Legal Theory Project, Fineman has received awards for her writing and teaching and has served on several government study commissions. She teaches family law, feminist jurisprudence, law and sexuality, and seminars on reproductive issues and select topics in feminist legal theory. Fineman is also a board member of Veteran Feminists of America and serves on the Transforming Community Project, an initiative aimed at improving racial relations and education on race scholarship at Emory.

Professor Nathaniel Gozansky has a rich background in public interest work. He served as the regional director of the Office of Legal Services, director of the Council on Legal Education Opportunity (CLEO), and chair of the Association of American Law Schools Section on Family and Juvenile Law. He has also served on the Board of Governors of the Society of American Law Teachers, as well as an accreditation inspector of ABA-approved law schools. Professor Gozansky has also been actively involved in homeless shelters for couples and families with newborns.
Jim Grode is the Director of the Turner Environmental Law Clinic, which represents community and environmental groups seeking to protect and restore the natural environment. Before joining the Emory faculty, he was a senior attorney at the Southern Environmental Law Center in Atlanta, where he specialized in water quality litigation and air quality policy and litigation. Before that, he was in private practice in Charlotte, North Carolina, where he was active in pro bono activities. He has a J.D. from the University of Colorado School of Law and a B.A. in History from Emory.

Professor Gutterman's sabbaticals, foreign travels and lectures have permitted him to visit prisons in the United States, France and Germany. These experiences helped shape his prison jurisprudence articles : "Prison Objectives and Human Dignity: Reaching a Mutual Accommodation," in the Brigham Young Law Review; "The Contours of Eighth Amendment Prison Jurisprudence: Conditions of Confinement," in the S.M.U. Law Review; and "The Prison Jurisprudence of Justice Thurgood Marshall," in the Maryland Law Review. Professor Gutterman teaches courses in criminal law, criminal procedure, and prisoners' rights, and has recently developed a seminar in criminal justice and the film media. An outgrowth of this seminar is his recent article "A Failure to Communicate:" The Reel Prison Experience, 55 SMU Law Rev. 1515 (2002).

Professor Michael Kang focuses on issues of election law, political science, and corporate law, including voting rights, race, redistricting, and direct democracy. At Emory, Professor Kang advises a number of student organizations, including Just Democracy and the Asian American Law Students Association among others<ins cite="mailto:McKesson%20Corp." datetime="2007-06-06T23:48">. </ins><ins cite="mailto:McKesson%20Corp." datetime="2007-06-06T23:47"> </ins>Professor Kang received his B.A. and J.D. degrees from the University of Chicago, where he served as Technical Editor of the University of Chicago Law Review and graduated Order of the Coif. He received an M.A. from the University of Illinois and will receive his Ph.D. from Harvard University in Government in 2008. After law school, Professor Kang clerked for Judge Michael S. Kanne of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and worked in private practice at Ropes & Gray in Boston, MA, where he worked on various pro bono matters.

Professor Levine’s public interest work is primarily in the fields of gender and crime. In the 1990s she served for 3 years as a prosecutor in Southern California, where she worked extensively with victims of violent and property crimes, including domestic and sexual assaults. While completing her Ph.D. in Jurisprudence and Social Policy at the University of California - Berkeley, she worked on behalf of criminal defendants in the San Francisco Bay Area as a consultant to small firms. Her doctoral work and recent research concerns the impact of statutory rape laws on the populations of both victims and defendants. At Emory, Professor Levine is a full-time member of the Law faculty but is also affiliated with the Sociology Department, the Women’s Studies Department, the Feminism and Legal Theory Project, and the Center for the Study of Law and Religion. In addition to teaching courses in Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Victimless Crimes, and the Regulation of Sexuality, she worked on the ABA’s Death Penalty Moratorium Project and helped design the new Indigent Criminal Defense Clinic.

William Ty Mayton teaches constitutional law in general and the first amendment in particular, and also administrative law. Professor Mayton served as assistant counsel to the United States Senate Select Committee on Campaign Activities (the Watergate Committee). At Emory, he has represented various community groups in problems of state and local government. Most recently, he has served as a consultant, respecting constitutional issues and matters of legislative process, in connection with medical malpractice reform. Presently he is serving as appointed counsel (appointed by the eleventh circuit court of appeals) in Mobile Republican Assemblies v. United States. This case involves the effort, by "McCain-Feingold" legislation, to regulate campaign finances by means of tax policy.

Professor Deirdre O’Connor has a strong public interest orientation and a particular concern for the plight of the accused, and disadvantaged children. As an undergraduate, her studies focused on abused and troubled children. She worked at a group home for emotionally troubled youths and, for several years, served as a volunteer mentor for the Big Brothers/Big Sisters program in her hometown of Schenectady, New York.
Professor O’Connor graduated from Northeastern University School of Law in 1993, a school nationally recognized for its commitment to public interest work. While at NUSL, she participated in the Prisoners’ Rights Clinic, representing incarcerated individuals before the Massachusetts Parole Board. She interned at Southern Poverty Center in Montgomery, Alabama, Santa Clara Public Defenders Office in San Jose, California, and the Office of Public Advocacy in Anchorage, Alaska. Upon graduation, her legal career was devoted exclusively to indigent criminal defense, primarily at the Los Angeles County Public Defenders Office. While there, she zealously represented hundreds of indigent people accused of crimes and enjoyed much success in her seventy-plus jury trials and approximately one hundred juvenile adjudications. Professor O’Connor also served as a volunteer mentor for incarcerated youths through the Volunteers in Parole program in Los Angeles, CA.

Professor Oliver is a Visiting Professor with the Barton Child Law and Policy Clinic, co-teaching with Professor Karen Worthington two classes on child law and advocacy. She previously taught at Boston College Law School, and served by appointment as a DeKalb Magistrate Court judge and administrative law judge for the state of Georgia Department of Medical Assistance and Office of Secretary of State. From 1992 to 1998, Professor Oliver was elected for three terms to the Georgia State Senate from the 42nd Senate District, which includes the Emory community and much of DeKalb county. She chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee for her entire Senate service, and additionally chaired the Senate budget sub-committee for education. Previous to her election to the State Senate, Professor Oliver was elected to and served in the Georgia General Assembly House from 1987 to 1992. She ran for Lieutenant Governor of the State of Georgia in 1998, finished first in the democratic primary, and was defeated in a run-off by the second place finisher. Professor Oliver began her legal career with Georgia Legal Services Programs, after graduating from Emory Law School, and represented clients in Voting Rights litigation, and Federal litigation in reproductive rights. Currently, she is a member of the Board of the Georgia Council on Child Abuse, and serves on multiple other advisory and service boards, in addition to maintaining her private law practice in Decatur.

Janette Pratt directs the field placement program at the law school and heads up the pro bono program. She was the founding director of Emory Law School’s Child Advocacy Project in 1992 and has been involved with a number of issues relating to children and juveniles. Currently she chairs a panel reviewing foster care cases in Dekalb County. She serves on the Advisory Board of the Barton Child Law and Policy Clinic and of the Turner Environmental Law Clinic. In addition, for many years, she has been a mediator with the Justice Center of Atlanta and has been chairman and secretary of the Board of Directors of Clairmont Oaks, Inc., a non-profit corporation providing housing for low-income senior citizens.

As an honors graduate of Harvard Law School, Professor Polly J. Price clerked for Judge Richard S. Arnold of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. Following her clerkship she practiced law for several years at King & Spalding in Atlanta and Washington, D.C. In 2001, Professor Price was the U.S. representative in Pretoria, South Africa, at the Equality Law Conference for South African Judges and Magistrates, under the auspices of a speaker's grant from the U.S. State Department's Rule of Law Project. Additionally, Professor Price serves on the Advisory Board for the Georgia Association for Women Lawyers, and has served in the past on the Board of Trustees for the Georgia Institute of Continuing Legal Education.

Beth Reimels manages the legislative and policy work of the Barton Clinic. She supervises students in the clinic and at the Georgia State Capitol. Beth directs the Emory Summer Child Advocacy Program and also coordinates the Barton Fellowship program, which sponsors post-graduate fellowships for lawyers and public health professionals to work with Clinic research and evaluation projects. Beth began her child advocacy career as a student attorney with the Barton Clinic and participated in the Emory Summer Child Advocacy Program. Before returning to Barton in 2004, Beth was with the Atlanta Legal Aid Society where she served as the Director of the TeamChild Atlanta project, a project she founded in 2001 as an Equal Justice Works Fellow. The project provides direct civil legal representation to children involved in the juvenile court. Her practice areas included special education, student discipline, mental health, and public benefits law. During law school Beth clerked for the Fulton County Juvenile Court Office of Program Development, The DeKalb County Juvenile Court Office of the Child Advocate, and Cobb County Legal Aid. Before attending law school, Beth worked for the American Red Cross. Ms. Reimels received her B.A. from Boston University and her J.D. from the Emory University School of Law.

Jennifer Murphy Romig has focused her public-interest activities on law-related education for Georgia's children. For three years, Ms. Romig has coached the Henry W. Grady High School Mock Trial Team in the State Bar of Georgia's Young Lawyers Divison High School Mock Trial Competition. She is co-director of the related High School Mock Trial Journalism Contest. Ms. Romig is a member of the YLD's Law-Related Education Committee and has spoken at several local schools on career options in the law. Ms. Romig has also represented juveniles detained in a metro-area regional youth detention center and is pleased to be associated with Emory Law School for many reasons, one of which is its excellence in child advocacy.

Professor Rubin is a Senior Fellow at the Progress and Freedom Foundation and an adjunct Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. He is a member of the Institute of Justice task force on "Consumer Freedom." He has written and testified on numerous policy issues. He was one of the first to advocate direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs, and has given numerous talks on this issue, as well as testifying before the Food and Drug Administration. He has also written on Internet privacy, and has testified twice before Congress on this issue. He has also written about First Amendment issues, including analyses of commercial speech and of free speech on campuses.

Lawrence Sanders is a staff attorney at Emorys Turner Environmental Clinic. In law school at the University of Oregon, Larry participated in the environmental law clinic. As an attorney, Larry has litigated under environmental statutes including the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, and state water laws. Larry founded and directed RiverLaw at the South Yuba River Citizens League in California before moving to Atlanta. Larry is a member of the board of directors of Georgia ForestWatch, an environmental organization dedicated to protecting Georgias public lands.

Ani B. Satz holds a J.D. from the University of Michigan School of Law and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (completed at Princeton University). Professor Satz has teaching and research interests in health, disability, and animal law. She is particularly interested in questions about governmental obligations to vulnerable populations, such as the uninsured, the disabled, and nonhuman animals. Professor Satz’s doctoral work focused on access to genetic testing as a form of health care, and she is the author of numerous publications at the intersection of health and disability law and ethics and lectures extensively in these areas. Professor Satz is a full-time member of the Emory Law School faculty but holds a joint appointment at the Rollins School of Public Health. She assists the Law School with the J.D./MPH program and serves as a liaison to the medical school and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition, Professor Satz is involved in strategic planning for the university-wide Center for Health Law, Policy, and Ethics. She is the faculty advisor to the Legal Association for Women Students and the Health Law Society. She is a member of the Bioethics and Public Policy Group at Yale University; the American Society of Law, Medicine, and Ethics; the Animal Legal Defense Fund; Law and Society; and the American Philosophical Association. Before coming to Emory, Professor Satz clerked for the Honorable Jane R. Roth of the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and lectured at Yale University in the Philosophy Department and the Ethics, Politics & Economics Program as well as Monash University Medical School. While at Michigan Law School, Professor Satz was one of the original members of the Health Law Society and served on the Family Law Project.
Selected relevant publications include: Solving the Health Care Crisis: The Paradoxical Case for Universal Access to High Technology, 8 Yale J. Health Pol’y, L. & Ethics (forthcoming 2008); Pooky, the Steer, and the Laboratory Rat: Toward a Legal Paradigm Avoiding Differential Treatment of Domestic Animals Based Upon Human Need, in Perspectives on Animal Law (forthcoming by Thompson-West 2008); A Jurisprudence of Dysfunction: On the Role of “Normal Species Functioning” in Disability Analysis, 6 Yale J. Health Pol’y, L. & Ethics 221 (2006); Would Rosa Parks Wear Fur? Toward a Nondiscrimination Approach to Animal Welfare, 1 J. Animal L. & Ethics 101 (2006); The Case Against Assisted Suicide Reexamined, 100 Mich. L. Rev. 1380 (2002) (reviewing Kathleen Foley & Herbert Hendin eds., The Case Against Assisted Suicide: For the Right to End-of-Life Care (2002)); and Disability and Biotechnology, in Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology (with Anita Silvers) (Thomas J. Murray & Maxwell J. Mehlman eds., 2000).

Professor Schapiro is a member of the Governing Board of Common Cause/Georgia. He has served on the Jewish Community Relations Committee of Greater Atlanta and as member of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs Ad Hoc Committee on Constitutional Freedoms in the Age of Cyber-Technology. At the Georgia Supreme Court's invitation, Professor Schapiro filed an amicus brief supporting a state constitutional right to privacy in medical information. During law school, he participated in the Legal Assistance and Capital Punishment clinics.

Professor Shanor spent three years (1987-1990) as General Counsel of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the Equal Pay Act. He has also been involved in a variety of civic activities having public interest components, such as developing and presenting neighborhood-sensitive alternatives for vehicular access to the Carter Center on behalf of the Druid Hills Civic Association. He serves on the Board of Trustees of Trinity School and has filed pro bono amicus briefs on constitutional and civil rights issues at the request of nonprofit organizations and the Georgia Supreme Court

Joining the faculty of the Emory University School of Law in 2003, Professor Stadler teaches in the areas of intellectual property law and property law. As a student at the University of Virginia School of Law, Sara Stadler was a Litigation Director of the Pro Bono Criminal Adjudication Project ("P-CAP"), which provides legal assistance to convicted indigents lodging direct appeals and mounting habeas challenges to their convictions. After her graduation, she continued to pursue her interest in providing legal assistance to those accused of crimes by working, pro bono, as an assistant to assigned counsel in federal criminal cases. As her professional interests in intellectual property have grown, Professor Stadler has concentrated her public interest activities in the areas of copyright and trademark education, delivering lectures to organizations of artists and creators to apprise them of their rights and responsibilities under intellectual property law.

Charles D. Swift joins Emory Law as a Visiting Associate Professor and Acting Director of Emory Law’s newly-established International Humanitarian Law Clinic. Prior to joining Emory Law, Swift served as a Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Navy, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, assigned to the Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions. Swift has more than twelve years of litigation experience with the U.S. military, including serving as defense counsel for the well-publicized Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case, which took him to the U.S. Supreme Court. Known for his dedication to preserving the rule of law during wartime, Swift has been honored by the American Civil Liberties Union with a Medal of Liberty and named by the National Law Journal as one of the most influential lawyers in America.

Professor Waldman is the Director of the Barton Juvenile Defender Clinic, where she represents young people charged with delinquent and status offenses in Georgia’s juvenile courts. Prior to joining the faculty at Emory, Professor Waldman served as a Senior Attorney at Advocates for Children, a non-profit organization dedicated to ensuring quality and equal public education services for New York City’s most vulnerable students. She also spent several years at Debevoise & Plimpton, LLP in New York, where she spent considerable amounts of time working on pro bono matters. While at the University of Chicago Law School, Professor Waldman worked in the criminal justice project at the Mandel Legal Aid Clinic, where she represented young people in both criminal and juvenile courts in Cook County. She also interned at the Juvenile Law Center in Philadelphia.

John Witte Jr. is the Jonas Robitscher Professor of Law and Ethics, Director of the Law and Religion Program, and Director of the Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Religion at Emory University. A specialist in legal history, marriage, and religious liberty, he has published 100 professional articles, and 12 books, including Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective, 2 vols. (1996); From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition (1997); Proselytism and Orthodoxy in Russia (1999), Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment (2000), and Law and Protestantism: The Legal Teachings of the Lutheran Reformation (2002). His writings have appeared in German, French, Italian, Hebrew, Spanish, Russian, Ukrainian, and Romanian translations.

Professor Worthington is the Founding Director and current Co-Director of the Barton Child Law & Policy Clinic at Emory University. She went to law school to become a child advocate attorney and has spent most of her career working on child advocacy issues in Georgia. As director of the Supreme Court Child Placement Project she conducted a statewide assessment of how juvenile courts are handling child abuse and neglect cases. As a staff attorney with the Juvenile Advocacy Division of Georgia Indigent Defense Council, she provided technical assistance and training to attorneys working in juvenile courts across the state. As Director of Program Development for Fulton County Juvenile Court, she connected the community and service providers with the juvenile court. Professor Worthington has served on the EPIC Advisory Board for a number of years, volunteers with the Fulton County Truancy Intervention Project and the Fulton County Citizen Panel Review Board, and sits on a number of advisory boards and committees on childrens issues locally and nationally.